Public works and public employment programmes (PEPs) have long been considered a staple of social assistance. For the most part, though, they have been designed as ‘safety nets’ in the context of counter-cyclical programme interventions and responses to shocks where the objective has been to provide income support for the unemployed in the form of cash or food in exchange for work effort (See del Ninno et al., 2009). While, in some cases, there has also been a focus on reducing poverty or longterm unemployment, until recently, neither the design of the programmes nor the scale of implementation has been
such as to make a significant dent in poverty reduction.
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